The most common cause of urinary retention is benign prostatic hyperplasia. Causes of urinary retention are numerous and can be classified as obstructive, infectious and inflammatory, pharmacologic, neurologic, or other. 2006 S INGER, Eric A. G OLIJANIN,ĭragan J. D AVIS, Robert S.Urinary retention is the inability to voluntarily void urine. Index: 1–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z In this case, the prostate volume was 229 ml. The prostate volume is calculated using the formula prostate volume = Length × width × Height × 0.5. Measurement of prostate size with transabdominal sonography: imaging of the prostate in the sagittal and transversal plane, measurement of length, width, and height. In addition, transabdominal ultrasonography of the prostate quickly identifies enlarged median lobes or prostatic cysts. The transabdominal measurement method offers advantages in huge prostate glands due to the larger field of vision. Prostate volume = Length × Width × Height × 0.5. After determining the length, width, and height in two planes, the prostate volume is calculated using the formula: Transabdominal imaging of prostate is possible through the filled bladder. Transabdominal Ultrasonography of the Prostate
Neurogenic bladder disorders, drugs (anticholinergic drugs, neuroleptics), pelvic surgery, diabetes mellitus. Urethral strictures, urethral valves, female urethral cancer and male urethral cancer, foreign bodies, phimosis. Please see the following table for the differential diagnosis of PVR.Ĭauses of postvoid residual urine and urinary retention.īenign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, bladder stones, bladder neck sclerosis, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). In children, a PVR volume exceeding 10% of the urinary bladder capacity is pathological (Riedmiller et al., 2001). PVR volumes over 100–ml are considered significant in adults. Depending on the bladder shape, considerable inaccuracy is possible. Various factors ranging from 0.5–0.7 are found in the literature. Postvoid residual volume (PVR) = Length × Width × Height × 0,5 The postvoid residual volume is calculated using the formula: Measurement of Postvoid residual volume (PVR):Īfter micturition, the bladder's length, width, and height are recorded in sagittal and horizontal planes. Ultrasonography of the bladder: measurement of postvoid residual volume using formula: Length × Width × Height × 0.5. In children, values above 2.5 mm are pathological and suspicious for subvesical obstruction. In adults, 7 mm is the upper limit for bladder wall thickness. The bladder wall should be measured with a filled bladder (greater than 50% of the capacity) on the anterior wall of the bladder. Depending on the size of the prostate, the middle lobe protrudes into the urinary bladder and may be misinterpreted as a bladder tumor. In the area of the trigonum, the ureteral orifices and the bladder neck can be recognized. The filled bladder has an echogenic wall that is sharply defined without wrinkles or bulges. The urinary bladder is an echo-free filled hollow organ, but often ultrasound artifacts mimic echogenic structures in the urinary bladder (reverberations or side lobe artifacts). At the end of the investigation, the postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume is measured if the patient reports lower urinary tract symptoms. The bladder is systematically examined in the longitudinal (sagittal) and transverse planes.
The examination requires a filled bladder. The transducer used for bladder ultrasound is a sector or curved array probe with 3.5–5 MHz. Indications include (but are not limited to): abdominal pain, flank pain, hematuria, proteinuria, lower urinary tract symptoms, abdominal trauma, (recurrent or febrile) urinary tract infections, increased retention parameters, nephrolithiasis, in patients with kidney transplantation, planning and performing surgical procedures of the prostate or bladder, urinary incontinence, and dyspareunia. Ultrasonography of the bladder is a frequent examination in urological patients.
You are here: Urology Textbook > Urologic examinations > Imaging > Bladder ultrasound Bladder Ultrasound and Measurement of Postvoid Residual Volume Bladder Ultrasound and Measurement of Postvoid Residual Volume
0 kommentar(er)
